Honeybees (Apis mellifera) play a fundamental role in pollination and agricultural productivity. However, honeybee populations worldwide are increasingly threatened by pathogens and parasites that compromise their health, longevity, and overall hive performance. These biological stressors weaken immune systems, disrupt colony dynamics, and significantly reduce honey production. This research examines the impact of pathogens and parasites on honeybee lifespan and hive productivity, highlighting their implications for sustainable apiculture.

Major Pathogens Affecting Honeybee Health

Viral Infections

Honeybees are susceptible to several viruses that impair physiological and behavioural functions. Viral pathogens often spread rapidly within colonies through direct contact, contaminated food sources, and parasitic vectors.

• Viral infections reduce foraging efficiency and flight endurance
  

• Infected bees exhibit shortened lifespans
  

• Colony immunity weakens under viral stress
  

Studies indicate that viral infections can reduce honeybee longevity by up to 30–50%, limiting their contribution to pollination and hive maintenance.

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial infections affect both brood and adult bees, disrupting colony growth and survival.

• Brood mortality rates increase due to bacterial contamination
  

• Colony population declines rapidly
  

• Honey production decreases due to workforce loss
  

These infections often require early detection and management to prevent widespread colony collapse.

Fungal Pathogens

Fungal infections thrive in humid hive environments and negatively affect larval development.

• Reduced brood survival rates
  

• Slower colony growth
  

• Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
  

Poor hive ventilation and environmental stress often exacerbate fungal outbreaks.

Parasitic Threats to Honeybee Colonies

Mite Infestations

Parasitic mites are among the most damaging threats to honeybee colonies.

• Mites feed on bee haemolymph and weaken immune systems
  

• Act as vectors for viral transmission
  

• Increase colony stress and mortality
  

Infested colonies may experience productivity losses of up to 40%, significantly affecting honey yield and pollination capacity.

Protozoan Parasites

Internal parasites attack the digestive systems of honeybees.

• Reduced nutrient absorption
  

• Impaired digestion and metabolism
  

• Decreased energy levels for foraging
  

Affected bees often demonstrate reduced lifespan and diminished work efficiency within the hive.